Product Digital Twin Ontology
type: Ontology
version IRI: http://www.w3id.org/def/pdto/0.0.3
contributor: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0438-6831
contributor: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2993-5734
contributor: arnabsinharesearch
creator: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3517-0945
description: PDTO (Product Digital Twin Ontology) is an ontology for product digital twins. Its goal is to describe a product digital twin.
license: cc-by4.0
modified: 2026-01-23T00:00:00+01:00
publisher: https://www.cea.fr
version info: 0.0.3
preferred namespace prefix: pdto

contributor
type: AnnotationProperty
description: The guidelines for using names of persons or organizations as creators also apply to contributors. Typically, the name of a Contributor should be used to indicate the entity.
issued: 1999-07-02

coverage
type: AnnotationProperty
description: Spatial topic and spatial applicability may be a named place or a location specified by its geographic coordinates. Temporal topic may be a named period, date, or date range. A jurisdiction may be a named administrative entity or a geographic place to which the resource applies. Recommended practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names [[TGN](https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/tgn/index.html)]. Where appropriate, named places or time periods may be used in preference to numeric identifiers such as sets of coordinates or date ranges.
issued: 1999-07-02

creator
type: AnnotationProperty
description: Examples of a Creator include a person, an organization, or a service. Typically, the name of a Creator should be used to indicate the entity.
issued: 1999-07-02

date
type: AnnotationProperty
description: Date may be used to express temporal information at any level of granularity. Recommended practice is to express the date, date/time, or period of time according to ISO 8601-1 [[ISO 8601-1](https://www.iso.org/iso-8601-date-and-time-format.html)] or a published profile of the ISO standard, such as the W3C Note on Date and Time Formats [[W3CDTF](https://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime)] or the Extended Date/Time Format Specification [[EDTF](http://www.loc.gov/standards/datetime/)]. If the full date is unknown, month and year (YYYY-MM) or just year (YYYY) may be used. Date ranges may be specified using ISO 8601 period of time specification in which start and end dates are separated by a '/' (slash) character. Either the start or end date may be missing.
issued: 1999-07-02

description
type: AnnotationProperty
description: Description may include but is not limited to: an abstract, a table of contents, a graphical representation, or a free-text account of the resource.
issued: 1999-07-02

format
type: AnnotationProperty
description: Recommended practice is to use a controlled vocabulary where available. For example, for file formats one could use the list of Internet Media Types [[MIME](https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/media-types.xhtml)].
issued: 1999-07-02

identifier
type: AnnotationProperty
description: Recommended practice is to identify the resource by means of a string conforming to an identification system.
issued: 1999-07-02

language
type: AnnotationProperty
description: Recommended practice is to use either a non-literal value representing a language from a controlled vocabulary such as ISO 639-2 or ISO 639-3, or a literal value consisting of an IETF Best Current Practice 47 [[IETF-BCP47](https://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47)] language tag.
issued: 1999-07-02

publisher
type: AnnotationProperty
description: Examples of a Publisher include a person, an organization, or a service. Typically, the name of a Publisher should be used to indicate the entity.
issued: 1999-07-02

relation
type: AnnotationProperty
description: Recommended practice is to identify the related resource by means of a URI. If this is not possible or feasible, a string conforming to a formal identification system may be provided.
issued: 1999-07-02

rights
type: AnnotationProperty
description: Typically, rights information includes a statement about various property rights associated with the resource, including intellectual property rights.
issued: 1999-07-02

source
type: AnnotationProperty
description: The described resource may be derived from the related resource in whole or in part. Recommended best practice is to identify the related resource by means of a string conforming to a formal identification system.
issued: 1999-07-02

subject
type: AnnotationProperty
description: Typically, the subject will be represented using keywords, key phrases, or classification codes. Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary.
issued: 1999-07-02

title
type: AnnotationProperty
issued: 1999-07-02

type
type: AnnotationProperty
description: Recommended practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the DCMI Type Vocabulary [[DCMI-TYPE](http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-type-vocabulary/)]. To describe the file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource, use the Format element.
issued: 1999-07-02

Description
type: AnnotationProperty
sub property of: description
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Thing
range: string
description: Class has target description.
description: Description may include but is not limited to: an abstract, a table of contents, a graphical representation, or a free-text account of the resource.
comment: An account of the resource.
label: description

Title
type: AnnotationProperty
sub property of: title
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Thing
range: Literal
range: string
description: Class has target title.
comment: A name given to the resource.
label: title

certificate document
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: external document
domain: Certificate Information
comment: A relation pointing out a document representing a certificate related to the product described by the DPP.

characteristic
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Product characteristic
comment: The characteristic that the piece of information is about.

directly superseded by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: superseded by
inverse of: directly supersedes
comment: A relation connecting a piece of information to the piece of information directly superseding it.

directly supersedes
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relation connecting a piece of information to another piece of information that directly replaces the first one, i.e. when a DPP is updated.

disassembly instructions document
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: external document
domain: Disassembly information
comment: A relation pointing out a document with disassembly instructions for the product.

external document
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relation for pointing to external documentation, that is not explicitly represented inside the DPP but instead as a related document, e.g. documents with various kinds of instructions, certificates, or furhter information about the product.

has composition information
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Product
comment: A piece of information about the composition of a product.

is about
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relating a piece of information to the thing the information is about, i.e. describes.

quality
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Product quality
comment: A relation pointing at the quality that the piece of information describes.

repair instrucitons document
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: external document
domain: Repair instruction
comment: A relation pointing out a document containing repair instructions for the product.

superseded by
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: DPP information
range: DPP information
comment: A transitive relation that relates a piece of information to the pieces of information that supersedes it.

unit
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Composition information
  union of: Product characteristic
  union of: Product quality
comment: Relation between a concept with a value, associating it to a unit of measure.

describes
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
range: Product
comment: The relation between a DPP and the product it describes.

A relation between a whole and its parts.
type: ObjectProperty
label: has part

has aspect model
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has model
domain: Digital Entity
range: Aspect Model
comment: has aspect model links a Digital Entity to an Aspect Model

has information
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Information Model
range: DPP information
comment: has information links an information model to a piece of information

has information model
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has model
domain: Digital Entity
range: Information Model
comment: has information model links a Digital Entity to an Information Model

aggregate DTwA
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: aggregated DTwA from
domain: Digital Twin Aggregate
range: Digital Twin Aggregate
comment: Property that describes de action of aggregation between two different entities or dtw:DigitalTwinAggregate.

aggregate DTwI
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: aggregated DTwI from
domain: Digital Twin Aggregate
range: Digital Twin Instance
comment: Property that describes de action of aggregation between two different entities or dtw:DigitalTwinInstance.

aggregated DTwA from
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Digital Twin Aggregate
range: Digital Twin Aggregate
description: DTwA aggregated from a specific DTwA

aggregated DTwI from
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Digital Twin Instance
range: Digital Twin Aggregate
description: DTwI aggregated from a specific DTwA

contains interaction affordance
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is interaction affordance of
domain: Digital Entity
range: Interaction Affordance
comment: Property that describes the different interaction affordances that the dt:DigitalTwinServices contains.

has connection
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is connection of
domain: Digital Twin
range: Connection
comment: Property that describes the different connections of the dtw:DigitalTwin.

has connection point
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is connection point of
domain: Digital Entity Dimension
range: Connection Point
comment: Property that describes the connection point that the element of the DTw has to connect with others

has consumer
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is consumer of
domain: Connection
range: Connection Point
comment: Property that describes if the connection point is the consumer of the information.

has data
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is data of
domain: Digital Entity
range: Resource
comment: Property that describes the different data that the dt:DigitalTwinData contains.

has digital entity
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is digital entity of
domain: Digital Twin
range: DPP information
range: Digital Entity
comment: Property that describes the different Digital Entities that the digital twin contains.

has format
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is format of
domain: Model
range: Format
comment: Property that describes the different extension formats that the models or data can be found.

has model
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is model of
domain: Digital Entity
range: Model
comment: Property that describes the different models that the dtw:DigitalEntity contains.

has physical entity
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is physical entity of
domain: Digital Twin
range: Physical Entity
comment: Property that describes the Physical Entity that the digital twin describes.

has provider
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is provider of
domain: Connection
range: Connection Point
comment: Property that describes if the connection point is the provider of the information.

is connection of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Connection
range: Digital Twin
description: Connection of a Digital Twin.

is connection point of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Connection Point
range: Digital Entity Dimension
description: Connection point is referred to a Digital Entity Dimension

is consumer of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Connection Point
range: Connection
description: Connection point is consumer of a connection.

is data of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Resource
range: Digital Entity
description: Data of a Digital Entity.

is digital entity of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Digital Entity
range: Digital Twin
description: Digital entity of a Digital Twin.

is format of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Format
range: Model
description: Format of a Model.

is interaction affordance of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Interaction Affordance
range: Digital Entity
description: Interaction Afforfance of a Digital Entity.

is model of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Model
range: Digital Entity
description: Model contained by the Digital Entity Dimension.

is physical entity of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Physical Entity
range: Digital Twin
description: Physical entity of a Digital Twin.

is provider of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Connection Point
range: Connection
description: Connection point is provider of a connection.

model aggregated from
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: model aggregates
domain: Model
range: Model
comment: Model aggregated from model.

model aggregates
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Model
range: Model
description: Model aggregates model.

resource aggregated from
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: resource aggregates
domain: Resource
range: Resource
comment: Resource aggregated from resource.

resource aggregates
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Resource
range: Resource
description: Resource aggregates resource.

end time
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The end of a time interval.

start time
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The start of a time interval.

value
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Atomic Information
comment: The value of a characterisitc or a quality.

DPP information which has document
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Certificate Information
domain: Instruction
label: has document

has simple information
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Information Model
comment: The simple information value of an information model.

has extension
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Format
range: string
comment: Extension of the model or data with which can be found.

has target
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Format
range: anyURI
description: Class has target uri.

has form
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Interaction Affordance
range: anyURI
description: Interaction affordance has form.

has uri template schema
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Interaction Affordance
range: string
description: Interaction affordance has an URI template schema.

Certificate Information
type: Class
subclass of: DPP information
comment: A piece of information about some certificate that concerns the product.

Composition information
type: Class
subclass of: DPP information
comment: A piece of information about the composition of a product, i.e. a relation between a product and its part, potentially with more details of the composition included.

DPP information
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Thing
  on property: is about
comment: A piece of information contained in a DPP, which is about some product.

Disassembly information
type: Class
subclass of: Instruction
comment: A piece of information about how to disassemble the product, e.g. linking to some disassembly instructions.

Legal guarantee
type: Class
subclass of: DPP information
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    cardinality: 1
    on property: end time
  intersection of: Restriction
    cardinality: 1
    on property: start time
comment: A piece of information that described the legal guarantee of the product, with its time interval of validity.

Product characteristic
type: Class
subclass of: Atomic Information
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: Thing
    on property: characteristic
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: Literal
    on property: value
comment: A piece of information that describes a product characteristic.

Product quality
type: Class
subclass of: Atomic Information
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: Thing
    on property: quality
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: Literal
    on property: value
comment: A piece of information about the quality of of a product.

Repair instruction
type: Class
subclass of: Instruction
comment: A piece of information about how to repair a product.

Unit
type: Class
comment: A unit of measure.

Product
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Product
  on property: A relation between a whole and its parts.
comment: A product, in a broad sense, defined as anything that is sold by a value chain actor, and which can have other products as parts.

Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Entity Dimension
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Digital Entity
  on property: is data of
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Resource
  on property: resource aggregated from
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Resource
  on property: resource aggregates
description: Resource of data from DCAT ontology

Aspect Model
type: Class
subclass of: Information Model
comment: A structured information to describe an aspect of an entity.

Assembly Instruction
type: Class
subclass of: Instruction
comment: Instruction for assembly process

Atomic Information
type: Class
subclass of: DPP information
label: Piece of information which can be property (characteristic or quality) or operation.

Information Model
type: Class
subclass of: Model
comment: A structured information to describe an entity, an entity's aspect or a part of an entity's aspect.

Behavioral Model
type: Class
subclass of: Model
comment: Describes the behaviors and response mechanisms of the entity (e.g. state transition, performance and disturbances)

Connection
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Twin Dimension
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: External Connection Point
  on property: has consumer
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Internal Connection Point
  on property: has consumer
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: External Connection Point
  on property: has provider
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Internal Connection Point
  on property: has provider
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: Connection Point
  min qualified cardinality: 1
  on property: has consumer
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: Connection Point
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on property: has provider
comment: Existing connection between different dtw:ConnectionPoint.

Connection Point
type: Class
comment: Connection point of the connection.

Data Service Connection
type: Class
subclass of: Connection
comment: Connection between dcat:Resource and td:InteractionAffordance.

Digital Entity
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Twin Dimension
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Behavioral Model
  on property: has model
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Geometric Model
  on property: has model
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Mapping Model
  on property: has model
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Ontology Model
  on property: has model
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Physical Model
  on property: has model
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Rules Model
  on property: has model
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Semantic Model
  on property: has model
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Shapes Model
  on property: has model
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: Interaction Affordance
  min qualified cardinality: 1
  on property: contains interaction affordance
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: Resource
  min qualified cardinality: 1
  on property: has data
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: Model
  min qualified cardinality: 1
  on property: has model
comment: This dimension of the digital twin consists of various data models that represents all the information allocated in the digital twin.

Digital Entity Dimension
type: Class
description: Digital Entity Dimension class to add resource, model and interaction affordances clases

Digital Twin
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Data Service Connection
  on property: has connection
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Model Data Connection
  on property: has connection
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Model Model Connection
  on property: has connection
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Model Service Connection
  on property: has connection
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: Connection
  min qualified cardinality: 1
  on property: has connection
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: Digital Entity
  min qualified cardinality: 1
  on property: has digital entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: Physical Entity
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on property: has physical entity
comment: A realistic representation of all product life cycle components using physical, virtual and interaction data.

Digital Twin Aggregate
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Twin
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Digital Twin Aggregate
  on property: aggregate DTwA
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Digital Twin Instance
  on property: aggregate DTwI
comment: Describes the aggregation of all the DTIs. Unlike the DTI, the DTA may not be an independent data structure. It may be a computing construct that has access to all DTIs and queries them either ad-hoc or proactively.

Digital Twin Dimension
type: Class
comment: Dimensions of which the digital twin is composed.

Digital Twin Instance
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Twin
comment: Describes a specific corresponding physical product that an individual Digital Twin remains linked to throughout the life of that physical product.

External Connection Point
type: Class
subclass of: Connection Point
comment: Connection point of the connection that is external to the DTw.

Format
type: Class
comment: Extension format in which the model or data is available.

Geometric Model
type: Class
subclass of: Model
comment: Describes all the geometric parameters of the physical entity (e.g. shapes, sizes and assembly relations).

Internal Connection Point
type: Class
subclass of: Connection Point
comment: Connection point of the connection that is internal to the DTw.

Mapping Model
type: Class
subclass of: Semantic Model
comment: Model that allows the alignment of data with the objective of obtaining harmonised data from non-harmonised data.

Model
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Entity Dimension
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Digital Entity
  on property: is model of
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Model
  on property: model aggregated from
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Model
  on property: model aggregates
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: Format
  min qualified cardinality: 1
  on property: has format
comment: Representation or conceptualization of the data registered in the Virtual Entity dimension.

Model Data Connection
type: Class
subclass of: Connection
comment: Connection between dtw:Model and dcat:Resource.

Model Model Connection
type: Class
subclass of: Connection
description: Model to model connection.

Model Service Connection
type: Class
subclass of: Connection
comment: Connection between dtw:Model and td:InteractionAffordance.

Ontology Model
type: Class
subclass of: Semantic Model
comment: Model that contains the conceptualization of the information of the digital twin. This conceptualization activity refers to the organization and structuration of the information (data, knowledge, etc.), obtained during the acquisition process, into meaningful models at the knowledge level and according to the ontology requirements specification document.

Physical Entity
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Twin Dimension
comment: This dimension of the digital twin consists of various subsystems, objects and sensory devices. These subsystems can include dynamic systems, control systems, maintenance systems, etc., and can be combined for a specific task. Also, non physical entities can be represented.

Physical Model
type: Class
subclass of: Model
comment: Responsible for providing all the physical properties (e.g. speed and force) based on dt:GeometricModel

Rules Model
type: Class
subclass of: Model
comment: A set of rules extracted from the historical data obtained from the physical model, whose function is to provide the virtual entity with a judgment for decision making, optimization, evaluation, prediction and maintenance.

Semantic Model
type: Class
subclass of: Model
description: Model representing semantic web rules or conceptualizations.

Shapes Model
type: Class
subclass of: Semantic Model
comment: Model that contains the data validation rules allowing the data to be validated.

Interaction Affordance
type: Class
subclass of: Digital Entity Dimension
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Digital Entity
  on property: is interaction affordance of
description: Affordance that represents a Service.

Thing
type: Class
description: Thing of WoT.

Dublin Core Metadata Element Set, Version 1.1
modified: 2012-06-14
publisher: DCMI